JavaScript - ECMAScript / ES versions and features

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Created by:

Jan-Alfaro

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In this article, we try to make a simple summary of the main JavaScript features that appear in different ECMAScript versions.

From Wikipedia:

ECMAScript (or ES) is a JavaScript standard meant to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different web browsers.

It is standardised by Ecma International according to the document ECMA-262.

ECMAScript is commonly used for client-side scripting on the World Wide Web, and it is increasingly being used for writing server applications and services using Node.js.

ECMAScript descriptions:

Name	Alias	Major API changes
ES3
ES5	ECMAScript 5	Appeard in 2009 (HTML 5 introduction time). Added: Classes: `JSON`, etc. `Object`: `keys()`, `freeze()`, `seal()`, `defineProperty()`, etc. `Array`: `reduce()`, `filter()`, `map()`, etc. etc.
ES2015	ES6, ECMAScript 2015	Added: Keyword/Features: `class`, `let`, `const`, `for..of`, spread syntax (`...`), destructuring assignmen, Template literals (Template strings), `Array`: `find()`, `fill()`, etc. Classes: `Promise`, `Proxy`, `Symbol`, `Map`, `Set`, `Reflect`, etc. etc.
ES2016	ES7, ECMAScript 2016	Added: Features: exponentiation operator (`**`), `Array`: `includes()`, etc.
ES2017	ES8, ECMAScript 2017	Added: Keywords/Features: `async` / `await`, `Object`: `entries()`, `values()`, etc. Classes: `Atomics`, `SharedArrayBuffer`, `Intl.DateTimeFormat`, typed arrays, etc. etc.
ES2018	ES9, ECMAScript 2018	Added: Features: async iterables, named capturing groups and backreferences (RegExp), `Promise`: `finally()`, Classes: `Intl.PluralRules`, `Intl.NumberFormat`, etc. etc.
ES2019	ES10, ECMAScript 2019	Added: `Object`: `fromEntries()`, `String`: `trimStart()`, `trimEnd()`, etc. `Array`: `flat()`, `flatMap()`, etc. etc.
ES2020	ES11, ECMAScript 2020	Added: Features: optional chining (`?.`), nullish coalescing operator (`??`), `String`: `matchAll()`, etc.
ES2021	ES12, ECMAScript 2021	Added: Features: numeric separators (`1_0000_000`), `String`: `replaceAll()`, `Promise`: `any()`, etc.
ESNext		Incoming changes - this changes as the JavaScript specification evolves.

Where: names and aliases were marked with bold as commonly used version names.

JavaScript - ECMAScript / ES versions and features

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